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When you pay the last instalment, the economic cancellation takes place: the debt is extinguished and the bank can no longer claim anything from you. But the mortgage remains recorded as a charge on the property until the registry cancellation is carried out, and any land registry extract (nota simple) will keep showing it. To remove it, a deed of cancellation must be executed before a notary by an attorney-in-fact (apoderado) of the bank and then registered at the Land Registry (Registro de la Propiedad).
The owner normally does not have to sign anything before a notary: the party that appears is the bank, because it is the creditor who consents to the cancellation of its security. What is needed is someone to request the zero debt certificate (certificado de deuda cero), choose a notary office, coordinate the signing by the attorney-in-fact, file the tax self-assessment with the exemption and take the deed to the Registry. That is the work we do at Notario.org, a private company that coordinates the procedure with licensed notary offices throughout Spain.
Cancelling at the Registry is not compulsory, but leaving it pending tends to prove costly at the worst moment: when selling, because the buyer and their bank require the property to be free of charges; when applying for a new loan secured on the property; or when dealing with an inheritance or a gift. The more years go by, the harder it becomes to trace the loan, especially if your bank merged with another.
Each bank has its own process for issuing the certificate and sending its attorney-in-fact, and it carries the mortgages of the entities it absorbed. If your mortgage is with one of these banks, see its specific guide:
The whole process, without leaving home